SAS programmers often use the Length statement frequently. Understanding the Length and Precision of SAS variables helps you efficiently use disk space.
When you specify the length of SAS variables.SAS stores the value of all numeric variables in floating-point representation.
Length of Numeric Variables in SAS
The default length of numeric variables in SAS data sets is 8 bytes. 8 bytes doesn’t mean only eight digits, as most people get confused here. It means you can store up to 16 digits in the variable. The minimum length of the numeric variable in SAS is 3 bytes, which can store values up to 8192.
For more details, refer to Numeric Length: Concepts and Consequences.
You can also provide the length of SAS numeric variables with the LENGTH or ATTRIB statement in the DATA step.
SAS stores numeric data using floating-point representation. See the table below, which specifies the largest integer that can be stored in SAS numeric variables in a specified length:
| Length in Bytes | Largest Integer Represented Exactly | Exponential Notation | Significant Digits Retained |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | 8,192 | 213 | 3 |
| 4 | 2,097,152 | 221 | 6 |
| 5 | 536,870,912 | 229 | 8 |
| 6 | 137,438,953,472 | 237 | 11 |
| 7 | 35,184,372,088,832 | 245 | 13 |
| 8 | 9,007,199,254,740,992 | 253 | 15 |
For example, if your variable holds values from 0 to 100, you can use a length statement to assign the length of 3 to store these numbers. This will save space in your dataset. Below is an example.
data test;
length i 3;
do i = 1 to 100;
output;
end;
run;Another example is flag variables whose only values can be either 0 or 1 can also be stored in a variable whose length is 3 bytes.
For more information, see Reducing Data Storage Space for Numeric Variables.
If a variable’s value is larger than the defined length or has many significant digits, you may lose precision while performing arithmetic calculations.
Use the LENGTH statement to reduce length only for variables whose values are always integers.
Points to remember before applying the LENGTH compression on numeric variables include:
- Fractional numbers or numbers with decimals should be left with the default length of 8, as specifying a length less than the minimum required might result in a loss of accuracy due to truncation.
- Not more than 4 bytes of storage is required to store a reasonable SAS date value.
- No warnings or error messages are issued in the SAS LOG when the LENGTH statement’s specified length results in the data’s truncation.
- For numeric variables, the LENGTH statement affects only the data set being created; it does not affect the program data vector.
- The format changes to E notation if the numeric variable contains more than 12 digits. To avoid E notation, you can use
best16.format.
The maximum number of variables in a single SAS data set under Windows is 32,767.
This means that observation under Windows cannot be larger than 5MB(ie 5*1024*1024).
Therefore, if you want your data set to contain 32,767 character variables, the largest value each variable can hold is approximately 160 bytes.
However, a DATA step can reference more than 32,767 variables if you write only 32,767 or fewer variables to the data set. For example, you could drop some variables with a DROP= data set option.
The maximum number of variables a DATA step can reference under Windows is 2,147,483,647.
You can also see our ultimate guide on SAS Numeric functions and Operators.
We hope this article helped you understand the Length and Precision of SAS Variables concepts. You may also want to see our SAS Variable conversions article and our guide on SAS Date Functions.
Do you have any tips to add? Let us know in the comments.
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